Anatomy & Physiology

Part I Foundation of the Body                                                                   Name:

Unit Test, Chapters 2-4                                                                            Date:

Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life

Fill in the blank.

1. ___________is anything that has mass and occupies space?
2. ___________are pure substances.
3. ___________ are chemical combinations of two or more elements.

Answer the questions below.

1. How many elements are found in the human body?
2. What six elements account for 98.5% of the body's weight?
3. What six elements account for 0.8% of the body's weight?
4. What twelve elements are known as trace elements?

Atoms

1. What are elements that consist of particles called?
2. What is packed together in the center of the atom?
3. What is the center of the atom called?
4. What carries a positive charge?
5. What determines the element's atomic number?
6. What is added together to form the atomic weight?
7. What whirls around the nucleus in one or more concentric clouds?

Fill in the blanks.

Isotopes

1. All of the atoms of the _______element contain the same number of _____________.
2. Occasionally, though, an ________ of an element will contain a _____________ number of neutrons. This is called an ______________.
3. The most common form of hydrogen, called ____________, has ______ proton and no neutrons. Its atomic number is ___ and its atomic weight is ___.
4. Another, less common form of hydrogen has ____ proton and ____ neutron. Called _____________, it still has an atomic number of ____, but because of the extra neutron, its atomic weight is _____.
5. Still, another form has _____ proton and _____ neutrons. This form, called ____________, has an atomic number of ____ and an atomic weight of _____. Although all of the isotopes of an element have _____________ chemical properties, some isotopes are ___________. The nucleic of these isotopes ____________________, or ___________, and, as they do, they emit ______________. These isotopes are called____________________, and the process of decay is called _______________.

Chemical Bonds

1. An _________ with a full outer shell is said to be __________.
2. Most atoms are not __________, and they're ________to other atoms as they attempt to _______, _________, or ________ electrons in their outer shells (called ____________ _____________) so as to become ________.
3. This type of interaction results in a ____________: a particle composed of two or more atoms united by a ____________ __________.
4. The ________ types of chemical bonds are ________ bonds, ______________bonds, and _______________ bonds.

Energy 

1. What is the capacity to do work; to put the matter into motion called?
2. What is potential energy?
3. What is energy in motion called?

Metabolism

1. What is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body called?
2. What is Catabolism? 
3. What is Anabolism?

Fill in the blanks.

Chemical Reactions

1. Chemical reactions involve the _________________ or ____________________ of 

___________ bonds.

1.  The ________ of a chemical reaction is written as a chemical equation, with the __________ on the left and an arrow pointing to ___________ of the reaction on the right.
2. ________________ can go in either direction under different circumstances.
3. What speeds up molecular movement, increasing the frequency and force of collision between molecules?
4. What are the chemical substances called that speed up the rate of a reaction?
5. Most ____________________ inside cells are controlled by enzymes.
6. Molecules are more densely packed, ___________ their rate of _____________.

Compounds of Life

1. Most of the ______________ of the body form ________________ compounds, which are ___________________ containing carbon.
2. What are inorganic compounds?
3. What molecule is essential for human life?
4. What percent of an adult’s body weight is water?
5. Nearly every ____________ reaction in the body depends upon the __________ of water.
6. The fluids in the _______ consist of chemicals ___________ or suspended in water.  
7. What is the first step in learning about body fluid is to understand the __________ between a mixture and a ____________.
8. When two or more elements_______________ to create a new substance that has its own ___________________ properties.
9. Results when two or more substances _____________ together rather than _________ combine.

Types of Mixtures

1. A ___________________ consists of particles of matter called the ___________ dissolved in a more abundant substance usually water called a _____________.
2. A ___________ can be a gas, solid, or liquid.
3. ____________ can change from liquid to gel.
4. Suspension contains large _____________ making the suspension cloudy or even ________.
5. Oxygen and _______ are two inorganic substances involved in the process of cellular_________ the production of energy within the cells.
6. Cells need oxygen to ________ __________ nutrients such as _____________ to release energy.