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ONLY MAN TO BREAK SOUND BARRIER WITHOUT A VEHICLE
Breaking the Sound Barrier Without an Aircraft -
Joe Kittinger is not a household aviation name like Neil Armstrong or Chuck Yeager. But what he did for the U. S. space program is comparable.
On Aug. 16, 1960, as research for the then-fledgling U. S. space program, Air Force Captain Joseph Kittinger rode a helium balloon to the edge of space, 102,800 feet above the earth, a feat in itself. Then, wearing just a thin pressure suit and breathing supplemental oxygen, he leaned over the cramped confines of his gondola and jumped--into the 110-degree-below- zero, near-vacuum of space. Within seconds his body accelerated to 714mph in the thin air, breaking the sound barrier. After free-falling for more than four and a half minutes, slowed finally by friction from the heavier air below, he felt his parachute open at 14,000 feet, and he coasted gently down to the New Mexico desert floor.
Kittinger's feat showed scientists that astronauts could survive the harshness of space with just a pressure suit and that man could eject from aircraft at extreme altitudes and survive. Upon Kittinger's return to base, a congratulatory telegram was waiting from the Mercury Seven astronauts-- including Alan Shepard and John Glenn.
More than four decades later Kittinger's two world records--the highest parachute jump, and the only man to break the sound barrier without a craft and live--still stand. We decided to visit the retired colonel and Aviation Hall of Famer, now 75, at his home in Altamonte Springs, Florida, to recall his historic jump.
Joe, take us back to New Mexico and Aug. 16, 1960. Joe Kittinger: We got up at 2 a. m. to start filling the helium balloon At sea level, it was 35 to 40 feet wide and 200 feet high; at altitude, due to the low air pressure, it expanded to 25 stories in width, and still was 20 stories high! At 4 a. m. I began breathing pure oxygen for two hours. That's how long it takes to remove all the nitrogen from your blood so you don't get the bends going so high so fast. Then it was a lengthy dress procedure layering warm clothing under my pressure suit. They kept me in air- conditioning until it was time to launch because we were in the desert and I wasn't supposed to sweat. If I did, my clothes would freeze on the way up.
How was your ascent? It took an hour and a half to get to altitude. It was cold. At 40,000 feet, the glove on my right hand hadn't inflated. I knew that if I radioed my doctor, he would abort the flight. If that happened, I knew I might never get another chance because there were lots of people who didn't want this test to happen. I took a calculated risk, that I might lose use of my right hand. It quickly swelled up, and I did lose use for the duration of the flight. But the rest of the pressure suit worked. When I reached 102,800 feet, maximum altitude, I wasn't quite over the target. So I drifted for 11 minutes. The winds were out of the east.
What's it look like from so high up?
You can see about 400 miles in every direction. The formula is 1.25 x the sq. root of the altitude in thousands of feet. (The square root of 102,000 ft is 319 X 1.25 = 399 miles) The most fascinating thing is that it's just black overhead--the transition from normal blue to black is very stark. You can't see stars because there's a lot of glare from the sun, so your pupils are too small. I was struck with the beauty of it. But I was also struck by how hostile it is: more than 100 degrees below zero, no air. If my protection suit failed, I would be dead in a few seconds. Blood actually boils above 62,000 feet.
I went through my 46-step checklist, disconnected from the balloon's power supply and lost all communication with the ground. I was totally under power from the kit on my back. When everything was done, I stood up, turned around to the door, took one final look out and said a silent prayer: "Lord, take care of me now." Then I just jumped over the side.
What were you thinking as you took that step? It's the beginning of a test. I had gone through simulations many times--more than 100. I rolled over and looked up, and there was the balloon just roaring into space. I realized that the balloon wasn't roaring into space; I was going down at a fantastic rate! At about 90,000 feet, I reached 714mph. The altimeter on my wrist was unwinding very rapidly. But there was no sense of speed.
Where you determine speed is visual--if you see something go flashing by. But nothing flashes by 20 miles up--there are no signposts there, and youLi are way above any clouds. When the chute opened, the rest of the jump was anticlimactic because everything had worked perfectly. I landed 12 or 13 minutes later, and there was my crew waiting. We were elated.
How about your right hand? It hurt--there was quite a bit of swelling and the blood pressure in my arm was high. But that went away in a few days, and I regained full use of my hand.
What about attempts to break your record? We did it for air crews and astronauts-- for the learning, not to set a record. They will be going up as skydivers. Somebody will beat it someday. Records are made to be busted. And I'll be elated. But I'll also be concerned that they're properly trained. If they're not, they're taking a heck of a risk
Creation date: Jan 23, 2008 12:58pm Last modified date: Jan 23, 2008 12:58pm Last visit date: Dec 14, 2024 7:08pm
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Jan 26, 2008 ( 1 comment )
1/26/2008
6:16pm
Kathy Carr (kathy)
Wow, I didn't know you could fall that fast and still survive!! He was a free falling human rocket!
Jan 26, 2010 ( 1 comment )
1/26/2010
2:43pm
Adam Johnson (atjohnson221)
This article is False. While he hit the speed of 614mph, it was only about 90% what is needed for supersonic speed. Your number of 714 is nowhere documented. There is currently a man by the name of Felix Baumgartner is currently being trained by Kittinger to attempt at being the first to break the sound barrier.
Sep 17, 2010 ( 1 comment )
9/17/2010
10:08pm
Ronald Seo (ronald09)
Some
call them barrier free plans, universal design plans, lifestyle homes, wheelchair plans, aging in place home plans, or accessible home plans. Whatever you
call it, they all fall under the same specifications set forth by the Center for Universal Design (CUD) at North CarolinaStateUniversity. For <a href="www.barrierfreedesigns.com">questions or comments</a>, contact us at <a href="www.barrierfreedesigns.com">www.barrierfreedesigns.com</a>
Oct 15, 2012 ( 1 comment )
10/15/2012
11:40am
Dan Ryan (docdoom)
Regarding atjohnson221's comments about this article being false.
At 102 housand feed the speed of sound is 688 MPH, o fthat there is no question
While several online references claim that the 714 spped was "incorrect" and that Kittenger's actual speed was only 614 MPH;
Here is the United States Air Force OFFICIAL record of the event and it says 714 MPH.
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